在2024年女性经济学研讨会上的介绍性发言
April 4, 2024 2024 年 4 月 4 日
St. Louis Fed President Alberto Musalem gave brief remarks and introduced keynote speaker Federal Reserve Gov. Adriana Kugler at the 2024 Women in Economics Symposium held at the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis. 圣路易斯联储行长阿尔贝托·穆萨利姆 (Alberto Musalem) 在圣路易斯联储举行的 2024 年女性经济研讨会上发表了简短讲话，并介绍了主讲人美联储理事阿德里安娜·库格勒 (Adriana Kugler)。
准备好的介绍性发言全文
Any views expressed here are my own and do not necessarily reflect those of the Federal Reserve System or the Federal Open Market Committee. 这里表达的任何观点都是我自己的，并不一定反映美联储或联邦公开市场委员会的观点。
Good evening, and welcome to the St. Louis Fed! 晚上好，欢迎来到圣路易斯联储！
This is the sixth Women in Economics Symposium hosted by the Bank, and it is my first. This also happens to be only my third day on the job, and I’m still finding my way around the building. I’m glad that I was able to find the auditorium and that you did, too! I’m told that there are around 2,000 people joining virtually from some 100 watch parties and individually. I also welcome all of you. 这是世行主办的第六届女性经济学研讨会，也是我的第一次。这也恰好是我上班的第三天，我仍在大楼周围寻找出路。我很高兴我能找到礼堂，而且你也找到了！据我所知，大约有 2,000 人从大约 100 个观看聚会和个人中虚拟加入。我也欢迎大家。
I am proud that the Women in Economics Symposium is the first major event of my tenure at the Bank, and I am particularly pleased to introduce this evening’s keynote speaker, Federal Reserve Governor Adriana Kugler. 我很自豪，女性经济学研讨会是我在世行任职期间的第一个重大活动，我特别高兴地介绍今晚的主讲人、美联储理事阿德里亚娜·库格勒。
The Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis has a longstanding commitment to encouraging and supporting women in the economics profession, and I firmly stand behind it. Although there are many outstanding female economists serving in consequential government, academic and private sector roles, the profession remains less diverse than it should be. This symposium is meant to help rectify female underrepresentation by providing information to young women about careers in economics and by giving attendees an opportunity to network with and hear from highly accomplished women in the profession. 圣路易斯联邦储备银行长期以来致力于鼓励和支持经济领域的女性，我坚定支持这一承诺。尽管有许多杰出的女性经济学家在政府、学术界和私营部门担任重要职务，但该行业的多样性仍然不够。本次研讨会旨在通过向年轻女性提供有关经济学职业的信息，并为与会者提供与该行业杰出女性建立联系并听取其意见的机会，帮助纠正女性代表性不足的问题。
Earlier this afternoon, Oksana Leukhina presented interesting information on gender diversity in economics, and I will highlight a few data points from her presentation: 今天下午早些时候，Oksana Leukhina 介绍了有关经济学中性别多样性的有趣信息，我将重点介绍她演讲中的一些数据点：
Although women make up more than 50 percent of all college students, only about 35 percent of seniors majoring in economics are women, and just 30 percent of new Ph.D.s in economics are awarded to women.1See National Center for Education Statistics (2022) and Levenstein (2023). These percentages are considerably higher than they were in the 1970s and ’80s, but unfortunately there hasn’t been much improvement over the past 20 years or so.2尽管女性占所有大学生的 50% 以上，但经济学专业的高年级学生中只有约 35% 是女性，而且只有 30% 的新经济学博士学位授予女性。 1 这些百分比比 20 世纪 70 年代和 80 年代高得多，但不幸的是，在过去 20 年左右的时间里并没有太大改善。 2 See Lundberg and Stearns (2019) and Levenstein (2023).
As Oksana mentioned, the pipeline of women in academic economics has been leaky. Women are less represented in senior positions, in academia and elsewhere than they are at lower levels. While more than 30 percent of assistant economics professors are women, less than 20 percent of full economics professors are women.3正如奥克萨娜提到的，学术经济学领域女性的渠道一直存在漏洞。女性在高级职位、学术界和其他领域的比例低于她们在较低级别的比例。虽然超过 30% 的助理经济学教授是女性，但只有不到 20% 的正任经济学教授是女性。 3 See Figure 1 in Levenstein (2023).
How does economics compare with other fields of study? Women are particularly underrepresented in economics compared with other social sciences, where women receive 65 percent of all Ph.D.s awarded. In STEM fields, economics is roughly on par with engineering, and women are somewhat more represented among Ph.D.s awarded in economics than in math and computer science, where only about 25 percent are women.4经济学与其他研究领域相比如何？与其他社会科学领域相比，女性在经济学领域的代表性尤其不足，在其他社会科学领域，女性获得的博士学位占所有博士学位的 65%。在 STEM 领域，经济学与工程学大致持平，经济学博士学位中的女性比例高于数学和计算机科学博士学位，后者仅占 25% 左右。 4 Author’s calculations using National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics (2023) data.
The underrepresentation of women in STEM fields is concerning because the problems faced by the next generation of engineers, scientists and, yes, economists, will be complex, difficult and consequential, and will require the brightest minds if they are to be tackled successfully. If women are blocked or discouraged from pursuing degrees in economics or other STEM fields, or simply not given the information to help them decide if a STEM career may be right for them, the world will be the worse for it. 女性在 STEM 领域的代表性不足令人担忧，因为下一代工程师、科学家，当然还有经济学家面临的问题将是复杂、困难和后果性的，如果要成功解决这些问题，就需要最聪明的头脑。如果女性被阻止或劝阻攻读经济学或其他 STEM 领域的学位，或者根本没有获得信息来帮助她们决定 STEM 职业是否适合她们，世界将会变得更糟。
The U.S. economy has reaped the benefits of greater female labor force participation since World War II. In early 1950, approximately 33 percent of all women were in the labor force. By the late 1990s, the percentage had risen to 60 percent, and it has hovered between 55 and 60 percent since then.5https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/LNS11300002 Higher female labor force participation has contributed to a growing economy, reducing gender pay gaps and producing per capita GDP gains. 自二战以来，美国经济受益于女性劳动力参与率的提高。 1950 年初，大约 33% 的女性加入了劳动力队伍。到 20 世纪 90 年代末，这一比例已上升至 60%，此后一直徘徊在 55% 至 60% 之间。 5 女性劳动力参与率的提高促进了经济增长、缩小了性别工资差距并带来了人均 GDP 增长。
There is also evidence that the greater female labor force participation enabled more efficient use of resources in the production of goods and services. Recent research finds that because women and men bring different skills and perspectives to the workplace, diverse teams are often more productive than teams made up exclusively of men or of women. Scaled up to a macroeconomic level, this suggests that the rising female labor force participation has contributed to higher productivity growth and living standards for all.6还有证据表明，女性劳动力参与度越高，商品和服务生产中的资源利用效率就越高。最近的研究发现，由于女性和男性为工作场所带来了不同的技能和观点，因此多元化的团队通常比完全由男性或女性组成的团队更有生产力。扩大到宏观经济层面，这表明女性劳动力参与率的提高促进了生产力的增长和所有人的生活水平的提高。 6 See Albanesi (2020) and Espinoza et al. (2019).
The benefits of diversity hold true in economic policymaking as well. Creative solutions to problems are more likely to flow from policymaking bodies made up of women and men with diverse backgrounds and perspectives. Such bodies are less susceptible to “groupthink.” As my colleague Mary Daly, president of the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco, said in a Women in Economics Podcast Series episode, “Ultimately, economics … is the study of people, and it is the single profession that is most influential in policymaking. … So we need to represent the people we serve.”7多样性的好处也适用于经济决策。问题的创造性解决方案更有可能来自由具有不同背景和观点的女性和男性组成的决策机构。这样的机构不太容易受到“群体思维”的影响。正如我的同事、旧金山联邦储备银行行长玛丽·戴利 (Mary Daly) 在女性经济学播客系列节目中所说，“归根结底，经济学……是对人的研究，也是对政策制定最具影响力的单一职业。 ……所以我们需要代表我们所服务的人民。” 7 See the March 28, 2018, episode.
Women are increasingly playing important economics roles as leaders in academia, in the private sector and in the public sector. Our speaker this evening, Governor Adriana Kugler, is a notable example, and I am very glad to have the opportunity to introduce her to you. 女性作为学术界、私营部门和公共部门的领导者，在经济领域发挥着越来越重要的作用。今晚我们的演讲者阿德里安娜·库格勒州长就是一个显着的例子，我很高兴有机会向大家介绍她。